The task of data link layer is to convert the raw bit stream offered by the physical layer into a stream of frames for use by the network layer. Various framing methods are used , including character count, character stuffing, and bit stuffing. Data link protocols can provide error control to retransmit damaged or lost [...]
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The physical layer is the basis of all the networks. Nature imposes two fundamental limits on all channels, and these determine their bandwidth. These limits are the Nyquist limit, which deals with noiseless channels, and the Shammon limit, for noisy channels. Transmission media can be guided or unguided. The principle guided media are twisted pair, [...] |
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