- Class Declarations * interface < name > {elements = attributes, relationships,methods } - Element Declarations * [...]]]> Object Definition Language (ODL) is the specification language defining the interface to object types conforming to the ODMG Object Model. Often abbreviated by the acronym ODL.
This language’s purpose is to define the structure of an Entity-relationship diagram.

- Class Declarations
* interface < name > {elements = attributes, relationships,methods }
- Element Declarations
* attribute < type > < name >;
* relationship < rangetype >< name >;
- Method Example
* float gpa(in: Student) raises(noGrades)
# float = return type.
# in: indicates Student argument is read-only.
Other options: out, inout.
# noGrades is an exception that can be raised by method gpa.

ODL Type System :
- Basic types: int, real/ float, string, enumerated types, and classes.
- Type constructors: Struct for structures and four collection types: Set, Bag, List, and
Array.

ER versus ODL :
- E/R: arrow pointing to “one”.
- ODL: don’t use a collection type for relationship in the “many” class.
* Collection type remains in “one.”
- E/R: arrows in both directions.
- ODL: omit collection types in both directions.
- ODL only supports binary relationship.
- Convert multi-way relationships to binary and then represent in ODL.
- Create a new connecting entity set to represent the rows in the relationship set.
- Problems handling cardinality constraints properly!!

Keys in ODL :
- Indicate with key(s) following the class name, and a list of attributes forming the key.
* Several lists may be used to indicate several alternative keys.
* Parentheses group members of a key, and also group key to the declared keys.
* Thus, (key(a1; a2; : : : ; an )) = “one key consisting of all n attributes.” (key a1; a2; : : : ; an ) =“each ai is a key by itself.
- Keys are not necessary for ODL. Object identity and not keys differentiates objects

The basic building block of the structured query [...]]]> The structured query language (SQL) is the language used to query and manipulate information within a SQL Server database. SQL is actually an ISO and ANSI standardised language. However, a lot of RDBMS software use their own proprietary extensions within their own Transact-SQL (T-SQL) variant of SQL.

The basic building block of the structured query language is the SQL statement. Using statements, information in a database can be manipulated and queried.
* CREATE – a data structure.
* SELECT – read one or more rows from a table.
* INSERT – one or more rows into a table.
* DELETE – one or more rows from a table.
* UPDATE – change the column values in a row.
* DROP – a data structure.

Language Structure :
SQL is a keyword based language. Each statement begins with a unique keyword. SQL statements consist of clauses which begin with a keyword. SQL syntax is not case sensitive.
The other lexical elements of SQL statements are:
* names — names of database elements: tables, columns, views, users, schemas; names must begin with a letter (a – z) and may contain digits (0 – 9) and underscore (_)
* literals — quoted strings, numeric values, date time values.
* delimiters — + – , ( ) = < > <= >= <> . * / || ? ;
Basic database objects (tables, views) can optionally be qualified by schema name. A dot — “.”, separates qualifiers: schema-name . table-name
Column names can be qualified by table name with optional schema qualification.

Syntax of Simple SELECT : SELECT column FROM tablename
- Using “Where”
SELECT EMPLOYEEIDNO
FROM EMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHERE SALARY >= 50000;
- Compound Conditions
SELECT EMPLOYEEIDNO
FROM EMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHERE SALARY < 40000 OR BENEFITS < 10000;
- Using “IN”
SELECT EMPLOYEEIDNO
FROM EMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHERE POSITION IN (‘Manager’, ‘Staff’);
- Using “Between”
SELECT EMPLOYEEIDNO
FROM EMPLOYEESTATISTICSTABLE
WHERE SALARY BETWEEN 30000 AND 50000;
- Using “LIKE”
SELECT EMPLOYEEIDNO
FROM EMPLOYEEADDRESSTABLE
WHERE LASTNAME LIKE ‘L%’;

• Data Definition Language (DDL): To specify the [...]]]> Once the design of the database is completed and a DBMS is chosen to implement the database, the next step is to define the conceptual and internal schema for the data and any mappings between the two. The languages that are used to do so are :

• Data Definition Language (DDL): To specify the conceptual schema of a database by the DBA and by database designers. In many DBMSs, the DDL is also used to define internal and external schemas (views).
• In some DBMSs, separate storage definition language (SDL) are used to define internal and external schemas.
The mappings between the two schemas may be specified in either one of these languages. For a true three-schema architecture, a third language is needed, the view definition language (VDL), to specify user views and their mappings to conceptual schema.

Once the database schemas are compiled and the database is populated with data, users must have some means to manipulate the data.
• Data Manipulation Language (DML): Used to specify database retrievals and updates.
• DML commands (data sublanguage) can be embedded in a general-purpose programming language (hostlanguage), such as COBOL, C or an Assembly Language.
• Alternatively, stand-alone DML commands can be applied directly (query language).
DMLs can be high level(set-oriented, nonprocedural) or low level)record-oriented, procedural). A high-level DML can be embedded in a host programming language, or it can be used as a stand-alone language; in the latter case it is often called as a query language.

In current DBMSs, a comprehensive integrated language is used that includes constructs for conceptual schema definition, view definition, and data manipulation. A typical example of a comprehensive database language is the SQL relational database language.
Whenever DML commands are embedded in a general-purpose programming language, that language is called the host language and the DML is called the data sublanguage.